Research

Overview:

The Division of Research (DoR) provides research-related education, oversight and support in an effort to facilitate the scholarly endeavors of all faculty, resident physicians and staff within BSOM’s Department of Emergency Medicine. Our mission is to use our unique position to explore high impact issues affecting our community and to steer emergency medicine practice toward evidence-based, cutting-edge, compassionate care in our region and beyond.

Both the Department of Emergency Medicine and Division of Research are actively recruiting trainees, faculty, and collaborators to further grow the research enterprise in the department.

Click here to log your Emergency Medicine Research Interest

Who we are:

Jason B. Hack, MD, FACEP, FACMT
Vice Chair for Research
Dept. of Emergency Medicine

Kori L. Brewer, PhD
Associate Division Chief

William Meggs, MD, PhD, FACMT, FACEP
Member, Division of Research

John E. Gough, MD
Member, Division of Research

Statement of Purpose:

The Division of Research supports and encourages participation in medical exploration and innovation and fosters scientists who strive to advance medicine through innovative and translational research. We support investigative activities by providing structured direction for our faculty, residents and medical students to investigate and research all aspects of acute patient care.

 

Goals and Services

The goal of The Division of Research is to establish an Emergency Medicine Center for Innovative Research (EMCIR) which will:

  • Create a defined resource designed to help navigate the research process
  • Encourage, facilitate and maintain successful departmental and collaborative research activities
  • Identify and obtain financial support from extra-mural funding sources.

 

As a division, we:

  • Educate and mentor residents, students and faculty on all aspects of scientific inquiry including theory, project design, collaboration, implementation, completion, presentation, publishing, and grantsmanship.
  • Support the development of research acumen to allow clinicians and researchers to see projects through to completion and share their findings with others.
  • Disseminate findings in scientific journals, institutionally and through media to maximally impact emergency care worldwide.
  • Stimulate collaborative research and development efforts in emergency medicine at national and international levels through technological and educational initiatives.

 

Setting and Population

The Emergency Department high volume, high acuity tertiary care center that has an serves a catchment area of 1.4 million people with 58 adult and 16 Pediatric beds. It has one of the busiest Cardiac Intervention centers in the state and is the only Level I trauma center, designated stroke center, helicopter ambulance service, and 24 hour Toxicology service in East Carolina.

 

Research Success:

Our emergency department serves a unique patient population including a large cohort of underserved patients with chronic illness and a high-volume trauma service.  We are uniquely positioned to engage in research covering a diverse range of topics.

Our current areas of research include clinical and basic science questions, within general Emergency Medicine, Medical Toxicology, Emergency Medical Services, Trauma, Critical Care, Ultrasound, and Pediatrics.  Future research activities will include expansion in Addiction, Harm reduction, and Pandemic.

East Carolina University  Department of Emergency Medicine Publications

 

Manuscripts

  • Fletcher, J.C., & Slattery, N. (2022, August 17). The Dinamo Study: Efficacy and safety of non-antibiotic outpatient treatment in mild acute diverticulitis. REBELEM.com. Retrieved August 22, 2022, from https://rebelem.com/the-dinamo-study-efficacy-and-safety-of-non-antibiotic-outpatient-treatment-in-mild-acute-diverticulitis/
  • Goldflam, K., Crichton, I. C., Coughlin, R. F., Bod, J., Agrawal, P., Bradby, C., & Tsyrulnik, A. (2022). Meeting expectations: An exploration of academic emergency medicine faculty experiences and preferences in the virtual meeting environment by age, gender and parental status. AEM Education and Training, 6(2), e10724.
  • Hack JB, Farrell N, Wolfe J. Throwing the Baby out with the Antifreeze: Is Urine Fluorescence Useless? Poster presented at American College of Medical Toxicology, Annual Scientific Meeting. Virtual Conference March 2022
  • Hack, JB. Toxicology Q&A column. “Which popular New England Garden Shrub Causes Seizure and Coma?”  ACEPnow. 41(8):4,19. August 2022. https://www.acepnow.com/article/toxicology-question-which-popular-garden-shrub-causes-seizure-and-coma/
  • Lyng, J. W., Baldino, K. T., Braude, D., Fritz, C., March, J. A., Peterson, T. D., & Yee, A. (2022). Prehospital Supraglottic Airways: An NAEMSP Position Statement and Resource Document. Prehospital Emergency Care : Official Journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 26(sup1), 32–41.
  • Patton, R., Mainhart, A., Clemens, S., & Brewer, K. L. (2022). Pramipexole improves the analgesic properties of low-dose morphine in the treatment of acute pain. American Academy of Neurology.
  • Thomson, D. P., Chizmar, J., Hunt, T., Koenig, K., & Krohmer, J. (2022). Project ECHO and Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
  • Brewer, K. L., Koura, S., Masdon, J., Parker-Cote, J. L., & Meggs, W. J. (2022). Substance abuse in patients with psychiatric emergencies. ACMT.
  • Lawson, L., Lake, D., Lazorick, S., Reeder, T., Garris, J., & Baxley, E. G. (2019). Developing Tomorrow’s Leaders: A Medical Student Distinction Track in Health System Transformation and Leadership. Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 94(3), 358–363.
  • Portela, R. C., & Taylor, S. (n.d.). Application of Different Commercial Tourniquets by Laypersons: Would Public Access Tourniquets Work Without Training? Academic Emergency Medicine.
  • March, J. A., Tassey, T. E., Resurreccion, N. B., Portela, R. C., & Taylor, S. E. (n.d.). Comparison Of The I-Gel Supraglottic And King Laryngotracheal Airways In A Simulated Tactical Environment. Prehospital Emergency Care : Official Journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 22(3), 385–389.
  • Castro de Bras LE, Baccanale CL, Eccleston L, Sloan T, St. Antoine JC, Verzwyvelt SM-L, Pittman P, O’Rourke D, Meggs WJ. Efficacy of methylene blue in a murine model of amlodipine overdose. Amer Jour Emerg Med 2020 Aug 27;S0735-6757(20)30771-3. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.08.077.
  • March, J. A., Tassey, T. E., Resurreccion, N. B., Portela, R. C., & Taylor, S. E. (n.d.). Comparison Of The I-Gel Supraglottic And King Laryngotracheal Airways In A Simulated Tactical Environment. Prehospital Emergency Care : Official Journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 22(3), 385–389.
  • Chovaz, M., Patel, R. V., March, J. A., Taylor, S. E., & Brewer, K. L. (n.d.). Willingness of Emergency Medical Services Professionals to Respond to an Active Shooter Incident. Journal of Special Operations Medicine : A Peer Reviewed Journal for SOF Medical Professionals, 18(4), 82–86.
  • March, J. A., Kiemeney, M. J., De Guzman, J., & Ferguson, J. D. (2019). Retention of cricothyrotomy skills by paramedics using a wire guided technique. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 37(3), 407–410.
  • March, J. A., Byquist, B., Piner, A., Portela, R., & Taylor, S. (2019). Tourniquet Application by Lay People: Measuring the effect if Audio Instructions. Prehospital Emergency Care, 23(1), 104.
  • Portela, R. C., Taylor, S. E., Sherrill, C. S., Dowlen, W. S., March, J., Kitch, B., & Brewer, K. (2020). Application of Different Commercial Tourniquets by Laypersons: Would Public-access Tourniquets Work Without Training? Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 27(4), 276–282.
  • Chovaz, M., Patel, R. V., March, J. A., Taylor, S. E., & Brewer, K. L. (n.d.). Willingness of Emergency Medical Services Professionals to Respond to an Active Shooter Incident. Journal of Special Operations Medicine : A Peer Reviewed Journal for SOF Medical Professionals, 18(4), 82–86.
  • Rodgers, H. M., Yow, J., Evans, E., Clemens, S., & Brewer, K. L. (2019). Dopamine D1 and D3 receptor modulators restore morphine analgesia and prevent opioid preference in a model of neuropathic pain. Neuroscience, 406, 376–388.
  • Brewer, K. L., Lim, S., Rodgers, H., Yow, J., & Clemens, S. (n.d.). Adjuvant treatment with dopamine receptor modulators prevents the development of morphine tolerance in a rodent model. American Pain Society.
  • Brewer, K. L., Rowe, M., Patel, N., Nguyen, T., Sibalich, E., Willow, H., … Bareiss, S. (n.d.). Mechanisms os Sensory Plasticity in the Development of At-Level Neuropathic Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury. American Physical Therapy Combined Section Meeting.
  • Bradby, C. (2019, April). Overcoming the Imposter Within: Believing You Are Enough.East Carolina Heart Institute Boushra, M. (2019). Like, a Whole Thing. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 74(3), 455–456.
  • Boushra, M. (2019). A Second to Get Over It. Annuals of Emergency Medicine, 73(5), 543–544.
  • Boushra, M. (2019). Chief Complaint. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 73(3), 316.
  • Boushra, M. (2019). Consideration of occult infection and sepsis mimics in the sick patient without an apparent infectious source. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 56(1), 36–45.
  • Chovaz M, Patel R, March JA, Taylor S, Brewer K. Willingness of EMS Professionals to Respond to an Active Shooter Incident. Journal of Special Operations. 2018;18(4):82-86.
  • Bashar FR, Vahedian-Azimi A, Farzanegan B, Goharani R, Shojaei S, Hatamian S, Mosavinasab SMM, Khoshfetrat M, Khatir MAK, Tomdio A, Miller AC. Non-invasive versus Invasive Oxygenation Ratios for Diagnosing Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: a prospective derivation-validation cohort study.  Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 2018;13(123). DOI: 0.1186/s13019-018-0804-8. Available on-line at: https://rdcu.be/bb6uW.
  • March JA, Adams JL, Portela R, Taylor S, McManus J. Characteristics and Diversity of ACGME Accredited EMS Fellowship Programs. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2018 Nov 8:1-23. PMID: 30404550
    • doi: 10.1080/10903127.2018.1544327. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Lawson L, Lake D, Lazorick S, Reeder T, Garris J, Baxley EG. Developing Tomorrow’s Leaders: A Medical Student Distinction Track in Health System Transformation and Leadership. Academic Medicine. 2018 Nov 5.
    • doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002509 [E-pub ahead of print]
  • Anderson VE, Gerardo CJ, Rapp-Olsson M, Bush SP, Mullins ME, Greene S, Toschlog EA, Quackenbush E, Rose SR, Schwartz RB, Charlton NP, Lewis B, Kleinschmidt KC, Sharma K, Lavonas E Early administration of Fab antivenom resulted in faster limb recovery in copperhead snake envenomation patients. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2018 Sep 3:1-6. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1491982.
  • Davis TL, Hoffman A, Vahedian-Azimi A, Brewer KL, Miller AC. A Comparison of Commercially Available Compression Feedback Devices in Novice and Experienced Healthcare Practitioners: A Prospective Randomized Simulation Study. Medical Devices and Sensors. 2018;e10020.
    • DOI: 10.1002/mds3.10020 [Epub ahead of print].
  • March J, Kiemeney MJ, DeGuzman J, Ferguson JD. Retention of Cricothyrotomy Skills by Paramedics using a Wire Guided Technique.  American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2018 May 31. pii: S0735-6757(18)30453-4.
    • doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.05.073. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Meggs WJ, Mainhart AM, Brewer KL: Double-blinded Placebo-Controlled Cross-over Pilot Trial of Naltrexone to Treat Gulf War Illness. Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior. 2018;6(3):132-140.
  • Meneely S, Brewer KL, Clemens S. Dopamine D1 and D3 receptor modulation and expression in the spinal cord of two mouse models of Restless Legs Syndrome. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2018 Sep 4;12:199. PMID: 30233336 doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00199
  • OʼKeefe KA, Beamon B, Brewer KL, Niceler B. Sports-Related Concussions in Children: Differences in Care and Expectations When Seen in an Emergency Department Versus a Sports Medicine Clinic. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2018 May;34(5):322-324. PMID: 29715216  doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000001476. PMID: 29715216
  • March JA, Tassey TE, Resurreccion NB, Portela RC, Taylor SE.  Comparison of the I-Gel Supraglottic and King Airways in a Simulated Tactical Environment. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2018;23(2):385-89. PMID: 29364743
    • doi: 10.1080/10903127.2017.1399183
  • Norbury JW, Karr NC, Sindhi V, Rathbun KM, Charles SC, McIver MB, Morrison EJ. Improving the Performance Time and Accuracy of Ultrasound-Guided Interventions—A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Trial of the Line of Sight Approach and the “APPLES” Mnemonic.​ Journal of Ultrasound Medicine. 2018 Apr 17. PMID: 29665109
    • doi: 10.1002/jum.14653. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Gardner R, Langston DB, Brewer KL. Describing and predicting opioid use disorder in chronic pain patients who present to the Emergency Department. Journal of Injury Prevention. 2018 Apr 6. pii: injuryprev-2018-042723. PMID: 29626076. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042723. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Bashar FR, Vahedian-Azimi A, Hajiesmaeili M, Salesi M, Farzanegan B, Shojaei S, Goharani R, Madani SJ, Moghaddam KG, Hatamian S, Moghaddam HJ, Mosavinasab SMM, Elamin EM, Miller AC. Post-ICU Psychological Morbidity in Patients with ARDS and Delirium. Journal of Critical Care. Feb 2018;43:88-94. PMID: 28854401.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.08.034.
  • Jung J, Franzen D, Lawson L, et al. The National Clinical Assessment Tool for Medical Students in the Emergency Department (NCAT-EM). Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2018;19(1):66-74. PMID: 29383058
    • doi:10.5811/westjem.2017.10.34834.
  • Clark S, Boggs KM, Balekian DS, Hasegawa K, Vo P, Rowe BH, Camargo CA Jr.; MARC-38 Investigators.(includes Cephus J) Changes in emergency department concordance with guidelines for the management of stinging insect-induced anaphylaxis: 1999-2001 versus 2013-2015. Annals of Allergy and Asthma Immunology. 2018 Apr;120(4):419-423. PMID: 29407420
    • doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.01.029.
  • Bashar FR, Vahedian-Azimi A, Kangasniemi M, Salesi M, Hajiesmaeili M, Shojaei S, Farzaneghan B, Goharani R, Madani SJ, Goharimoghaddam K, Hatamian S, Jelvehmoghaddam H, Arrascaeta-Llanes A, Miller AC. Spiritual Health and Outcomes in Muslim ICU Patients: A National Structural Equation Modeling Study. Journal of Religion and Health. 2018 Dec;57(6):2241-2257. PMID: 29299787. doi: 10.1007/s10943-017-0543-5. [Epub ahead of print Jan 3, 2018]
  • Luo H, Shrestha S, Zhang X, Saaddine J, Zeng X, Reeder T. Trends in Eye Injuries and Associated Medical Costs among Children in the United States, 2002–2014. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2018 Aug;25(4):280-287. PMID: 29473762
    • doi: 10.1080/09286586.2018.1441425. [Epub 2018 Feb 23]
  • Meneely S, Dinkins M, Kassai M, Lyu S, Liu Y, Lin C, Brewer K, Li Y, Clemens S. Differential dopamine D1 and D3 receptor modulation and expression in the spinal cord of two mouse models of Restless Legs Syndrome. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2018 Sep 4;12:199. PMID: 30233336
  • Walsh DS, Lazorick S, Lawson L, Lake D, Garrison HG, Higginson J, Vos P, Baxley E.  The Teachers of Quality Academy: Evaluation of the effectiveness and impact of a Health Systems Science training program. American Journal of Medical Quality.  2018 May 1:1062860618778124. PMID: 29808700
    • doi: 10.1177/1062860618778124.
  • Brice JH, Cyr JM, Hnat AT, Wei TL, Principe S, Thead SE, Delbridge TR, Winslow JE, Studnek JR, Fernandez AR, Forrest EE. Assessment of Key Health and Wellness Indicators Among North Carolina Emergency Medical Service Providers. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018 Aug 23:1-8. PMID: 30118357 doi: 10.1080/10903127.2018.1489017. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Bayouth L, Ashley S, Brady J, Lake B, Keeter M, Schiller D, Robey WC, Beasley KM, Toschlog EA, Longshore SW. An in-situ simulation-based educational outreach project for pediatric trauma care in a rural trauma system. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2018 Feb;53(2):367-371. PMID: 29103789 doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.10.042. Epub 2017 Oct 13.
  • Massey MJ, Hou PC, Filbin M, Wang H, Ngo L, Huang DT, Aird WC, Novack V, Trzeciak S, Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Angus DC, Shapiro NI; ProCESS investigators. Microcirculatory perfusion disturbances in septic shock: results from the ProCESS trial. Crit Care. 2018 Nov 20;22(1):308. PMID: 30458880
    • doi: 10.1186/s13054-018-2240-5.
    • (Investigator group included Theodore Delbridge & Allison Mainhart)

 

 

  • Systematic Reviews / Meta-analysis
  • Miller AC, Ferrada PA, Kadri SS, Nataraj-Bhandari K, Vahedian-Azimi A, Quraishi SA. High-frequency ventilation modalities as salvage therapy for smoke-inhalation associated acute lung injury: A systematic review. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine. 2018 Jun:33(6):335-345. PMID 28651475
    • DOI: 10.1177/0885066617714770.
  • Quinn J, Sewell K, Simmons D. Recommendations for Active Correction of Hypernatremia in Volume Resuscitated Shock or Sepsis Patients Should be Taken with a Grain of Salt: A Systematic Review. SAGE Open Medicine. 2018 Mar 21;6:2050312118762043. PMID: 29593868
    • DOI: 10.1177/2050312118762043.
  • Parker-Cote JL, Rizer J, Vakkalanka JP, Rege SV, Holstege CP. Challenges in the diagnosis of acute cyanide poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2018 Jul;56(7):609-617. PMID: 29417853  doi: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1435886.

 

  • Other Reviews
  • Delbridge, T. R., & Miller, S. N. (2021). Emergency Medical Services Buprenorphine: Just Because They Can?. Annals of emergency medicine, 78(1), 109–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.03.022
  • Parker-Cote J, Meggs WJ. First Aid and Pre-Hospital Management of Venomous Snakebites. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018;3(2),45:1-12.  PMID: 30274441
  • Dart RC, Goldfrank LR, Erstad BL, Huang DT, Todd KH, Weitz J, Bebarta VS, Caravati EM, Henretig FM, Delbridge TR, Banner W, Schneider SM, Anderson VE. Expert Consensus Guidelines for Stocking of Antidotes in Hospitals That Provide Emergency Care. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2018 Mar;71(3):314-325.e1. PMID:28669553
  • Hamed ASI, Miller AC. Co-Administration of Probiotics with Prescribed Antibiotics for Preventing Clostridium difficile Academic Emergency Medicine. 2018 Aug 17. PMID: 30118563. DOI: 10.1111/acem.13557  [Epub Aug 17, 2018]
  • Portela RC, Miller AC. Antivirals in Combination with Corticosteroids for the Treatment of Acute Bell’s Palsy.  Academic Emergency Medicine. 2018 Sept 4.  PMID: 30182458. DOI:10.1111/acem.13563.  [Epub ahead of print]
  • Hafiz M, Stahl J. Lung Protective Ventilation in ARDS. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2018 Oct 28. DOI: 10.1111/acem.13648. PMID: 30368986. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Boushra MN,  Miller SN, Koyfman A, Long B. Consideration of occult infection and sepsis mimics in the sick patient without an apparent infectious source. Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2 Nov 2018.
  • Mohan A, Kearney GD, Miller AC. Single Maintenance and Reliever Therapy (SMART) Regimen for Management of Persistent Asthma. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2018 Nov 8. PMID: 30408269.  DOI: 10.1111/acem.13659 [Epub ahead of print]
  • Garrison HG, Heck JE, Basnight LL.  Optimal Care for All: The Critical Need for Clinician Retention in Rural North Carolina. North Carolina Medical Journal.  Nov-Dec;79(6):386-389. PMID: 30397090  doi: 10.18043/ncm.79.6.386.
  • Fischer PE, Perina DG, Delbridge TR, Fallat ME, Salomone JP, Dodd J, Bulger EM, Gestring ML. Spinal Motion Restriction in the Trauma Patient – A Joint Position Statement. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018 Nov-Dec;22(6):659-661. PMID: 30091939. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2018.1481476. Epub 2018 Aug 9.
  • Rathbun KM, Brader WT, Norbury JW. A simple, realistic, inexpensive nerve phantom. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2018 Dec 21. PMID: 30575067 doi: 10.1002/jum.14905. [Epub ahead of print]

 

  • Case Reports / Series
  • Cardwell JB.  Traumatic Spinal Cord Infarction in 16 Month Child Complicated by Suspected Child Abuse:  A Case Report. Pediatric Emergency Care and Medicine. 2017;2(1):2.
  • Kranc DA, Jones AW, Nackenson J, Davis C, Abo BA, Hawkins SC. Use of Ultrasound for Joint Dislocation Reduction in an Austere Wilderness Setting: A Case Report. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2018 Oct 10:1-14. PMID: 30303761.
    • DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2018.1532474.
  • Winters N, Shariff A, Stahl J. A Rare Case of Primary Hyperparathyroidism, Hyperemesis Gravidarum, and Wernicke’s Encephalopathy. AACE Clinical Case Reports. DOI:10.4158/ACCR-2018-0286. [E-pub ahead of print].

 

 

 

Chapters (Print)

  • Gough JE. Sepis. Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine Manual 8th edition. Cyduka PK, Fitch MT, Joing SA, Wang VJ, Cline DM, Ma OJ (eds).  McGraw-Hill. New York, 2018, 484-490.
  • Schmidt SW, Lawson L. Program Planning in Health Professions Education. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education. 2018: 41–50.
  • Rathbun KM, Hildebrand JP. Placenta Abnormalities. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. Treasure Island (FL). 2018. PMID:  29083591 (Updated Sept 15, 2018)
  • Rathbun KM, Gossman WG. Addisonian Crisis. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. Treasure Island (FL). 2018. PMID: 28722962 (Updated Oct 6, 2018)
  • ONeill OJ, Frank AJ. Diving, Ear Barotrauma. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. Treasure Island (FL). 2018. PMID:  29763026 (Updated May 3, 2018)

 

  • Electronic References and Media

Bryant, K. K. (2022). Infertility in Practice: When the Path to Pregnancy Comes with Personal and Professional Challenges. EM LIFERS Podcast.

  • Cataudella, K., & Hack, J. (2022, August 17). Video. Answers: Do I need antivenom after a copperhead snake bite? | https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/article264378891.html
  • Bennett, J., & Stahl, J., with Hinton, Henry. 2022, April 12. “Talk of the Town Radio Show (End of Life Choices and Planning). https://www.facebook.com/1037WTIB/videos/3089111051352698/
  • Hack JB. Ancient Chemical Weapon. Toxicology Q&A. ACEPNow, 2020 April:39(4):11-12. https://www.acepnow.com/article/toxicology-question-what-flower-did-the-greek-army-use-against-a-city/